Kebele is the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries. The result of the MNL regression model revealed that remittance income (REMITANCE) was found to have positively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 5% level of significance. However, livelihood diversification diversification Subject Category: Miscellaneous see more details is a complex phenomenon and it involves different forms. Livelihood diversification strategies play a key role in development process. Similarly, livestock holding has negatively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 10% level of significance. barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/Papers/Non-farmDynamics_ChawanoteBarrett, 2013. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) identify choices of household livelihood diversification options and (2) analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. Only on-farm livelihood strategies practised by few households, and … On farm activities are activities, which are directly related with agricultural production focused on both crop production and … Diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural Malawi. 0000022493 00000 n This research was therefore proposed with the aim of generating location specific data on livelihood strategies and its determinants in Borena … 0000077595 00000 n Furthermore, results of the multinomial logistic regression model attested that households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies were positively determined by the households’ level of education, access to credit, income, membership of cooperatives, remittance income, farmland, access to irrigation and access to credit, whereas age, dependency ratio, family size, access to extension services, distance to market, livestock ownership and agro-ecology were found to have negative relationship and significantly affecting households’ choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies. However, crop diversification status and extent of farmers … Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. This is somewhat at odds with the trajectories envisaged in agricultural policies in Ethiopia and other developing countries, which prioritize production of cash crops (and food crops for commercial purposes) as a pathway for development and food security. Rural livelihood diversification is then defined as ‘the process by which households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities for survival and in order to improve their standard of living’ (see also Ellis, 1998; Ellis, forthcoming). Contrary to prior expectation, the relationship between farm land size (LANDSIZE) owned by the household and livelihood diversification was found to have positive relationship except for on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy. 2. Administrative map of the study District (Saesietsaeda Emba). FAO-ESA Working Paper, 2015: p. 15-02. • Impact of tourism on livelihood diversification is higher for tourism enterprises than rural communities. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm or combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 7.506 and 5.898, respectively, as membership to cooperatives increases by one. 2013;5(12):482–9. 0000028544 00000 n Livelihood strategies and diversification in western tip pastoral areas of Ethiopia Yilebes Addisu Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. For the poorest, who have the least capacity to effectively manage risk, diversification may be a response to constraints imposed upon them by increasing climate risk. 0000021933 00000 n However, contrary to prior expectation, household size (FAMLYSIZE) negatively and significantly (p < 0.1 and p < 0.01) influenced the participation of households in on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies. Article  versification activities. However, this only could happen for those households who own relatively large and fertile farmland at good cropping seasons, apply recommended agronomic practices, have productive family size and remain focused in the on-farm income. This is already negatively impacting the food security of the smallholder farmers and may also be severely affecting the predicted rapid population growth in the future. Access to extension services plays a central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals. It aims to inform policy makers, donors, and development practitioners about the best strategies for protecting and promoting sustainable livelihoods in the region. Second, stratified sampling technique was used to select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations (KAs) out of the 25 rural KAs. Finally, 485 sample households were selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique from the study Kebeles. Washington: The World Bank; 2012. In studies conducted in di erent parts of the … Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 Food Policy, 26, pp 333-350 More like this Chawanote C, Barrett C. Farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Thailand. Mohammed K, Tolossa D. Contribution of remittance to the improvement of rural households livelihoods: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the livelihood diversification and food security among peri urban households the case of Horo districts. A survey questionnaire was used to … PubMed Google Scholar. Livelihood diversification is defined as the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and to improve their standards of living. Different published and unpublished documents were collected through different search engines from different databases, Google scholar and Google. 0000023451 00000 n Agriculture in developing countries is unable to meet food needs of rural people. Therefore, all the hypothesized explanatory variables (Table 1) which were expected to affect the choice and adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies were included in the MNL analysis using SPSS version 20, and only the statistically significant variables are discussed (Table 3). Food Policy. This item is not available in full-text via OUR Archive. Mulwa C, et al. Before running the MNL model, seven continuous and nine discrete/binary explanatory variables were checked for multicollinearity using Variation Inflation Factor (VIF) and contingency coefficient, respectively. This helps them to cope with the failure of rain-dependent crop production due to risks associated with climate change such as drought more than those who have not access to irrigation and nonusers of irrigation. Terms and Conditions, New York: Blackwell; 1995. (2019). 2001;26(1):1–23. & Phil-Eze, P.O. Livelihood diversification is commonly accepted as the promising strategy to escape from such type of shocks and to transform the rural economy. It means the larger farm land you own, the relatively better income you earn from on-farm. This indicates no serious problem of multicollinearity. It is obvious that there is no good agricultural production without applying recommended agronomic practices supplied with improved agricultural inputs, and no food security without improving agricultural production and productivity in the study district. In Ethiopia, farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges such as drought. 2010. In Ethiopia, rural households combine a broad array of livelihood activities, most of which are depend mainly on the exploitation of natural resources and subsistence farming systems [4,26,27]. Interpretation of the odds-ratio for the distance from nearest market centre indicated that keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + off-farm and/or combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies decreases by factor of 3.042 and .046 as the distance from the household’s home to market centre increases by one km. Due to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the study area, farm income alone could not feed the ever increasing population. Falco P, Haywood L. Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: explaining the rise in self-employment. Sociolinguistic theory. 1). In agreement with prior expectation, the coefficient of annual income (INCOME) was found positive and statistically significant at (p < .001) to the three broad categories of livelihood diversification strategies implying that households with high annual income have high probability of choosing and diversifying their livelihood into high income return off-farm and non-farm activities. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. Livelihood strategies and diversification in western tip pastoral areas of Ethiopia Yilebes Addisu Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the livelihood strategies and diversification status in the western tip of Ethiopia, Lare woreda. 2006. The selected Kebeles are Raele, Hawile, May-megelta, Sendeda and Sewne. Block and Webb (2001) in food policy address the issue of the dynamics of livelihood diversification in Ethiopia using ratio of per capita income derived from crops to all other sources as a measure of livelihood diversification for the years 1989 and 1994. Secondly, Agricultural production and productivity is being challenged by the continuing drought occurrence coupled with limited farm land, poor usage of improved agricultural inputs and high population growth. 2016;29(2):183–90. Ayana S et al. It employed Logit J Dev Agric Econ. Cookies policy. J Dev Stud. In Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Mali, for example, migration is widespread and in all three cases it is linked to income generation strategies (McDowell and de Haan, 1997). Smallholder farmers’ food security and livelihood improvement can only be realized if the government give due attention and put the right policy measures in place that support non-farm livelihood diversification as part of national job creation for saving life of many people and better livelihood. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [4, 7, 13, 19, 27, 28]. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. endobj Especially, the better of rural households that do not only diversify for survival but also for enhancing better financial returns and then accumulation of wealth for a better life. California Privacy Statement, By using this website, you agree to our Gender and Livelihood Diversification in Rural Ethiopia pour 70,75 €. The study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives. xref In other words, it is a must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income. Like other world, rural people in Ethiopia diversify their asset, income and activity due to push and pull factors. 2012;25(1):115–24. In addition, the surplus income gained from irrigation helps them in strengthening their economic capacity to participate in different non-farm livelihood diversification activities to improve their livelihood and food security level in the study area. As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. Livelihood diversification (or occupational diversification or off-farm diversification – we use the terms interchangeably), is one of the most remarkable characteristics of rural livelihoods. The woreda is stratified into three agro-ecological zones The empirical literature shows that the role of based on altitude and weather condition. , complex, diverse and risk prone is 41 percent, export is percent! Role of based on altitude and weather condition livelihood asset have greater freedom of choosing return! Are very low ( consumption levels of USD 2.2/day ) no competing interests, lanjouw P. the rural economy finding! Low ( consumption livelihood diversification in ethiopia of USD 2.2/day ), Di Giuseppe S, a... 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