It may also imply that a vessel is not anchored and not under control, therefore goes where the wind and current take her, (loose from moorings, or out of place). The sills, lintles, and filling pieces that shape and reinforce the gunports. A pattern used to determine the shapes of frames and other compass timbers. Futtock (Fig. Rigging components and terms (104 terms) Block. Nautical Terms. Anchor bed. A transom that supported the after ends of deck planks. Rails, balustrades, or planking running along the quarterdeck. (p. 1129) G-3). In some documents describing large ships, it is the name given to the rounded forward portion of the gripe, inserted as a separate piece. G-8). One of the heavy planks fixed around or below the hawse holes to protect the hull planking. main deck The uppermost continuous deck extending from bow to stern. Using the Airfix/Heller shroud rigging tool is actually really simple! Gunport framing. Molded depth. A gunport placed in the bow or stern to accommodate fore-and-aft mounted guns. Alternate definitions for a single entry are commonplace; this is the result of diffusion, varying localities, and technological progress. Hercules SLR provides custom rigging and inspects, repairs and certifies rigging hardware. Hold (Fig. The strake that described the sheer line of a vessel, attached to the toptimbers from stem to stern at the level of the By the late medieval period, however, it appears that most vessels of appreciable size were steered by a single rudder hung at the sternpost; these were known as stern-hung rudders. Wart [Boss]. Bolt. G-3, G-15d, G-15e, and G-15f). Turn of the bilge. Ballast. Steering gear (Fig. Above the ship's uppermost solid structure; overhead or high above. Upright posts used for staying the various courses or halyards. The part of the hull above the full-load waterline. G-13d). The broadest frame in the hull; the frame representing the midship shape on the body plan. Tumblehome [Fall home] (Fig. The glossary is primarily relevant to the first two sections of this handbook and is not meant to be representative of the entire field of maritime archaeology. Sheer line. The upper end of the stem. On very large vessels, however, various combinations of as many as a dozen keelsons were assembled. Drift bolt. Keel plank [Central plank, Kingplank]. G-4b). upright device for winding in heavy ropes or cables. PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (www.oxfordhandbooks.com). A curved line on the sheer drawing of a ship, designating the outer ends of the floor timbers or the height of maximum breadth throughout the length of the hull. (p. 1117) For instance, some nineteenth-century American contracts for large schooners refer to the keelson above the main keelson as the sister, and the one above that as the assistant sister keelson. Deal. Rudder blade (Fig. In pure shell-built hulls, outer planking was self-supporting and formed the primary structure; the framework fastened to it formed the secondary, or stiffening, structure. G-16). Rigging used to support the masts, yards and bowsprit is called the standing rigging. Variously, a short, raised foredeck, the forward part of the upper deck between the foremast and the stem, or the quarters below the foredeck. Sill (Fig. A strong upright post used for securing lines and cables. On yachts, the well from which the vessel is directed. G-3, G-5, G-12, G-13, and G-14. The heaviest anchor of a large vessel, shipped in a ready position to be used for any emergency. Shole [Sole, Shoe] (Fig. G-12a). Carrick bitt (Fig. Standing knee [Standard] (Figs. G-7f). G-14d). Oakum [Oakham]. Main piece (Fig. One or more additional keels bolted to the bottom of the main keel to increase its strength. Main. Shot garland. G-12). See Horning pole for a description of the process. G-13a). Heel. Dowel [Dowel pin] (Fig. Chase port. Futtock plank. (p. 1148) When a ship is at sail, most of the time, the yardarms are NOT going to be at 90 degrees of the Mast, but rather offset may be up to 30 degrees and it is the braces that perform this. In ancient and medieval vessels, one of a series of intermediate framing timbers inserted to provide stiffness along the line of wales. G-5). Morgenster up the rigging stowing the sails How Agile do I need to be to Climb the Rigging ? Deadwood knee (Fig. An iron, hollow-ended tool used to drive roves over the ends of nails and bolts before clenching. The distance between either the bottom of the main deck or the bottom of its beams and the limber boards, measured at the midship frame. The sideways drift of a vessel when sailing with the wind abeam. I have them on my Kindle - cheap way to go - and along with zu Monfeld's book and others have most of the answers to any question you might have about rigging. Quarter timber. Ratings are stated in short tons (2,000 lbs.) The thread supplied is far too light. A tapered wooden pin driven into a pre-drilled hole to fasten two members or lock a joint. A thin piece of wood used to fill a separation between two timbers or a frame and a plank. Corresponding mortises were cut into each planking edge; a single hardwood tenon was inserted into the lower plank and the adjacent plank fitted over the protruding tenon. G-7e and 5–21). See also Narrowing lines. The ends of planks that fit into the stem and sternpost rabbets; hooding ends were sometimes reduced in thickness to permit a better join with the posts. Crotch [Crotch timber]. Forecastle. A vertical or upward-curving timber or assembly of timbers stepped into, or scarfed to, the after end of the keel or heel. The side view of a vessel’s hull plan. Molded and sided dimensions are used because of the changing orientation of timbers, such as A knee or knee-shaped structure, fixed to the forward surface of the stem, that formed the cutwater at its lower end and supported the headrails and figurehead at its upper end. Jib-boom. Leeway. An angular junction of two planks or timbers. in 1874, was the largest wooden sailing ship ever built in Canada. G-3 and G-4). The part occupied by the frame is called the room, while the unoccupied distance between it and the adjacent frame is called the space. Figure G-9. G-9c and G-9d). A spar extending the length of the bowsprit. Roller Chock : A mooring chock that contains a roller for reducing friction. Luting generally refers to caulking inserted between two hull members before they were assembled, as opposed to driven caulking (see Caulk). A pin, or one of a pair of pins, set vertically in the gunwale to serve as the fulcrum for an oar. Luting. The line formed by the junction of the outer garboard surface with the keel, or the outer surfaces of planking ends with the posts. This term is discussed in the introduction. A horizontal cylinder, supported by bitts or brackets, used to haul anchors and hawsers. The ropes or lines controlling the sails form the running rigging. A master craftsman skilled in the construction and repair of ships. The tip of the anchor’s palm; also called a pea, peak, or pick. In a general sense, the forward part of a vessel; the extreme bow area; also, a name sometimes given to the figurehead or, on later vessels, to the latrine. Palm. G-7e). It was similar to the top and butt method of planking and was intended to prevent shifting and increase the longitudinal strength of wales and other stress-bearing planks. Mortising chisel (Fig. An English translation of an old Norse term denoting the elongated mast steps on Viking vessels. G-8). Decks and other appointments; a composite sketch, not representative of a particular vessel. A winged, or partition-like, stanchion used to support beams in Viking vessels. A vertical timber attached to the forward surface of the sternpost to increase its strength, and in some cases, to support the transoms. A heavy wooden mallet used to drive treenails, wedges, etc. G-6). Technically, the transverse section between the bottom of the stern and the wing transom. Diagonal scarf [Diagonal butt] (Fig. Limber ledges. G-11a). G-12a). G-8). Waterway (Fig. Hercules SLR provides custom rigging and inspects, repairs and certifies rigging hardware. G-8). Shelf wale. For an alphabetical listing, select an entry from the list-box below. Nib [Nibbing end] (Fig. A frame timber that crossed the keel and spanned the bottom; the central piece of a compound frame. In most cases, animal hair, wool, or moss was soaked in pitch or resin and laid in a luting cove, which was cut in the lower inside surface of the overlapping plank. (p. 1127) The upper part of the rudder stock. A cylindrical hole in the bow through which the anchor cable passed. The end of a plank at the stem rabbet. Metacenter. The fore-and-aft angle or curvature of an inner or outer frame surface. G-4b). stem or sternpost, or the upper surface of a keel or keelson. A Sailing Glossary with Nautical Definitions for Sailors and Windsurfers of Sailboards, Sailboats, Windsurfing, and Ships; with Illustrations, Photographs, Diagrams, Tables, and Charts. Reaming iron [Reeming iron] (Fig. Adrift. The major transom, mounted on the inner sternpost, which formed the foundation for the counter and stern. G-5). Drop keel [Sliding keel]. Rudder hole (Fig. Bracket. A vessel whose bottom was sheathed in copper to prevent fouling and worm infestation. Apron (Fig. A timber used to lengthen another timber, such as the extension of a deck hook or knee. The designation for a carvel-planked hull whose seams were covered with battens, or ribbands, to prevent the caulking from working out. Really—click here to read our ‘Cranes’ Glossary. Shoe. Steering oar. Horseshoe [Horseshoe clamp, Plate] (Figs. Lapstrake [Clenched lap]. Square frames were those set perpendicular to the keel; in the bow and stern there were cant frames, running obliquely to the keel. The longitudinal sweep of a vessel’s sides or decks. Dagger knee (Figs. A vertical angular timber used to reinforce the junction of a beam and the side. Partners (Fig. A curved timber mounted on the inner surface of the apron; usually, the forward and upward extension of the keelson. Jib. Ahoy, mateys! Gallery. skysail - A sail set very high, above the royals. Rig (or rigging) - The mast, boom, and associated equipment including stays, shrouds, sheets, and halyards Rode - The line or chain between an anchor and the boat Roller furler - A device by which a sail is rolled up, such as the jib rolling around a rotating forestay fitting Shoe (Figs. Ledge (Figs. A general term describing the longitudinal timbers fixed to the inside surfaces of the frames; the ceiling, other than the common ceiling. Staple (Figs. The cargo capacity of a vessel. Anchor (Figs. Scuttle. Alongside - By the side of a ship or pier. Figure G-4 illustrates some typical arrangements. A round or multi-sided piece of hardwood, driven through planks and timbers to connect them. G-5). The junction of the keel and sternpost; also, an angular timber connecting the keel to the sternpost. G-3 and G-5). Caulking iron (Fig. Mae West A Second World War personal flotation device used to keep people afloat in the water; named after the 1930s actress Mae West, well known for her large bosom. G-14e). shipping and sailing between points in the same country. The highest and aftermost deck of a ship. G-9). A modern (sometimes misleading) term used to describe the process by which all or part of the outer hull planking was erected before frames were attached to it. See also intermediate timbers. Mortise-and-tenon joints: (a) fixed tenon and single mortise; (b) free tenon and two mortises; (c) free tenon and three mortises; and (d) patch tenon and two mortises. Ancient ships contained structural arrangements that had disappeared by the medieval period, and therefore they remain unlisted in publications. Berth deck [Birth deck] (Fig. The distance from a molded edge of one frame to the corresponding point on an adjoining frame, usually measured at or near the keelson. Ram bows sometimes served non-military functions: a means of reinforcing the bow construction externally, a method of lengthening the waterline to improve lateral resistance and maneuverability, or a decoration or symbol. A continuous line of planks, usually running from bow to stern; the sum of a row of planks. Carling [Carline] (Figs. Bilge ledge. G-7a). A small nail or tack used to attach sheathing to a hull. Through-beams were most common on ancient and medieval hulls, where they supported the quarter rudders or provided athwartships stiffness to the upper part of the hull. G-18). The floor rising line; specifically, a ribband or batten fastened to the outside of the frames at the heads of the floor timbers; used for fairing and to determine the shapes and lengths of intermediate frames. Also, a term applied to the latticework deck in the heads of large ships. Lodging knee [Lodge knee] (Figs. The lining was frequently called quickwork, a term more commonly used in British documents. A rectangular opening in a vessel’s deck. (p. 1143) The common ceiling of the orlop, berthing, and upper decks as well as the gundeck. Timbers. Frame (Fig. (p. 1123) The union of two planks or timbers whose ends were cut perpendicularly to their lengths; sometimes called carvel joint. Frame details are illustrated in Figs. (p. 1140) A process by which frames were aligned to assure that they were level and exactly perpendicular to the keel. (2) Used to describe a line that has been released and is in motion. A transverse plank in a boat or galley; used to seat rowers, support masts, or provide lateral stiffness. G-7f). An opening in the stern through which the rudder stock passed. Rake. Deck transom (Fig. A curved partial beam whose inboard end was scarfed or tenoned into the side of a deck beam and A rope or wire support used to steady a mast to the side of a hull. Stock. G-18c). Bilge keel. A wooden, stone, or metal crosspiece near the top of and perpendicular to the shank; it was designed to cant one of the arms so that its fluke dug into the bottom. See also Sweep port. Clenched lap [Lapstrake]. How to use rigging in a sentence. G-3). Stream anchor. Centerboards increased lateral resistance and therefore reduced leeway when tacking or sailing off the wind. It was so named because it did not require caulking or precision joinery and therefore could be erected comparatively quickly. The sailing terms for right and left come from a period when ships were steered by a steering board slung over right side of the boat. fourth century BCE; (b) terminology of an eighteenth-century frigate-sized rudder, which includes a mortise for a manual tiller to be used in [case] the main steering gear failed; details of the hinges—the pintles and gudgeons—are also shown; (c) a common steering wheel rig for medium-sized vessels, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; and (d) steering with a vertical lever called a whipstaff. 270]; (e) a seventh-century Byzantine anchor from Yassi Ada, Turkey [after van Doorninck]; (f) an eleventh-century iron anchor from the wreck at Serçe Limani, Turkey [sketched from a replica by F. H. van Doorninck Jr.]; (g) a nineteenth-century iron anchor most commonly known as a fisherman’s anchor; the iron stock could be partially withdrawn and stored adjacent to the shank to save deck space; and (h) an eighteenth-century grapnel with five flukes. Over 350 fine line drawings illustrate every rigging detail. Grating. Also, in various times and places, the name given to the uppermost continuous strake of side planking or the upper edge of the uppermost strake. G-8). A thin wooden strip used to close caulked seams and hold the caulking material in place. Hanging knee (Fig. An angular, horizontal reinforcing timber bolted to a transom and the side. Treenail [Trunnel, Trennal] (Figs. Towards the end of their careers some ships were reduced to barque rig. RIGGING – The ropes are wires that control the sails and support the masts are called “rigging.” RUDDER – When you turn the wheel on a vessel, it moves the “rudder” and allows you to steer. G-17a). Butt joint (Fig. One of the athwartship members, fixed to the sternpost, that shaped and strengthened the stern. A knee made from iron plate. RIGGING – The ropes are wires that control the sails and support the masts are called “rigging.” RUDDER – When you turn the wheel on a vessel, it moves the “rudder” and allows you to steer. A thin covering of metal or wood, to protect hulls from marine life or fouling, or to stabilize and protect surface material applied for that purpose. Starboard. Ship's Articles - A written agreement between the master of a ship and the crew concerning the terms of their employment. The ship William D. Lawrence, built at Maitland N.S. Caulk [Calk]. G-18). G-3). G-12). G-11). G-3, G-4a, and G-4b). G-5). To fit or join timbers closely together. A short-handled mallet used to strike caulking irons. One marine dictionary shows the knee of the head as being located behind the gripe, while most of the others call this timber an apron and properly place the knee of the head just below the bowsprit. The tools of the trade (27 terms) Buttock lines. Device utilizing buzzer and/or lights as a signal of approaching two block and/ or overload condition. Boat. G-5). commonly used (and misused) terms such as dusts, fumes, fogs, mists and smokes but does not include gases or vapour. (p. 1120) G-12). A spool-shaped vertical cylinder, mounted on a spindle and bearing, turned by means of levers or bars; used for moving heavy loads, such as hoisting anchors, lifting yards, or careening vessels. G-18d). Manger. Planked so that the seams were smooth, or aligned, as opposed to clinker-built. G-12e). Boxing [Boxing joint] (Fig. Stern port. Harpins [Harpings]. Limber holes [Watercourses] (Figs. The timbers surrounding the deck openings for masts, pumps, bitts, and capstans; their primary purpose was to strengthen the deck around the opening and counteract strain. Shim. A shape or line whose curvature agrees with the mold loft or that is mechanically acceptable and seaworthy. 2. Sag [Sagging]. See more ideas about rigs, sailing ships, tall ships. (p. 1111) WHEN a ship is taken in hand to be rigged, her lower masts are standing, temporarily or permanently wedged, and with girtlines on each side of the mast-heads. The practice of adding timber to the sides of ships to increase their breadth and thereby improve stability. Stocks. Graving iron (Fig. (0.2+0.02 log 10(Vc)) Vc (4d/3D)2, for passenger ships the following formula is added: 1.25 (GT + 10000)/10000 (N1 + (N2/10)), where Vc is the volume of cargo holds, D is the distance between ship’s bottom and the uppermost deck, d is the draught N1 is the number of cabin passengers, and N2 is the number of deck passengers.) Pillar (Fig. Hawse piece [Hawse timber] (Figs. Cistern. Roving iron (Fig. 5,898 mast rigging sailing ship stock photos are available royalty-free. Forelock bolts were one of the most popular of shipbuilding fastenings, being commonly used to secure major timbers from Roman times until the nineteenth century. G-5, no. G-9o and G-9p). Common ceiling (Fig. The upper horizontal timber framing a gunport, large square light, or gallery door. See Mortise-and-tenon joint. Many were "sold foreign" and many others simply were "lost without trace" or abandoned at sea. Floor ribband [Floor ribbon]. Scantlings. On ancient and early medieval ships, a thick strake of external planking that supported through-beams and other timbers penetrating the outer planking. A thick plank separating the bottom, or lower ship, of a Viking hull from its sides. G-8). Bower. A chisel-shaped tool used to drive caulking into seams. STUDY. Ribbands [Ribbons, Battens]. A knee-like timber that connected the keel or central plank to the stem or sternpost. The first thing to do is to put the kettle on, and make some tea. (p. 1141) Hook. Garboard strake [Garboard] (Figs. Midship frame (Fig. A timber assembly or housing that supported a mast or post at deck level. G-8). Shell-first construction [Shell-built]. Pointing your mouse over will display the image. The closest full-length strakes, or belts of strakes, to the middle of the deck. NORSE NAUTICAL TERMINOLOGY IN TWELFTH-CENTURY ANGLO-NORMAN VERSE Literature of the twelfth century in the Norman and Anglo-Norman dialects of Old French testifies to the massive transfer of Norse ship-building and sea-faring technology to southern Europe by way of the Scandinavian settlement of the future Normandy. Nibbing strake [Margin plank] (Fig. Sny. To coat; to cover a hull bottom with a protective layer of pitch, resin, sulphur, etc. G-3 and G-13a). Individual molds, probably representing futtocks of frame M, are numbered in Roman numerals. Words set in bold type are defined elsewhere in the glossary. Fair. G-5). Principal timbers; sectional views: (a) a popular arrangement for small and medium-sized craft; (b) a typical arrangement of principal timbers for large vessels, this for an early-twentieth-century four-masted schooner with a 200-ft-long double keel; (c) the designations of keel and post rabbet surfaces; and (d) the designations of the lines formed by the junction of the rabbet and garboard surfaces. 400 BCE in Israel [after Rosloff, IJNA 20.3: 224]; (d) a Roman iron anchor cased in wood, with removable iron stock, from the first-century Nemi excavations [after Ucelli, fig. The outboard part of the lower hull where the bottom curved toward the side. Bow. Bulwark (Fig. That portion of an anchor where its arms joined the shank. The middle of a vessel, either longitudinally or transversely. Curved scarf [Curved butt, S-scarf] (Fig. A knee fitted atop or abaft the sternson to reinforce the upper part of the sternpost. They were used in a variety of forms: with expanding wedges or nails in their ends, with tapered or square heads on their exterior ends, or completely unwedged and unheaded. An upright supporting post, including undecorated supports for deck beams and bulkheads. A frame composed of a single row of timbers, usually scarfed together, that filled the space between the main, or double-rowed, frames of a large ship. Load line. Curved rails extending from the bow to the knee of the head. Rudder trunk. The inboard end of a cathead. Rising wood [Deadwood, Hog] (Figs. Figure piece (G-13d). Sometimes called a sister keel. To shape or adjust a timber or timbers to the correct curvature or location; also, to correct discrepancies in a ship’s drawings. 19, G-7a, and G-7b). Coak (Figs. Situated near or on the outer side of a vessel; toward the outer side. Also, a name given to a pair of bitts, located just aft of the foremast on merchant ships, that supported the ends of the windlass, or to any bitt whose upper end was carved in the shape of a human head. G-9). Sheathing. Also known as the knee of the post. Figure G-13. Tenon-built. They could be of identical size to, or smaller than, the main keelson. See Anchor and False keel. I have tried to sort out this confusion where possible. G-7c). Back to the Top S Safe overhead clearance Flush deck. Illustrated Glossary of Ship and Boat Terms, Keywords: Illustrated Glossary of Ship and Boat Terms, [The following illustrated glossary first appeared in its entirety in Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks, by J. Richard Steffy (1994). Part of the knee of the head. Cutting-down line. An additional keelson, or one of several additional keelsons, bolted to the top of the main keelson of a large ship. A general term signifying frames composed of two rows of overlapping futtocks. G-3 and G-9l). Dunnage. Gripe (Fig. The extension of a frame or top timber above the bulwarks to form a bitt, to which ropes were secured. It’s usually a vertical plate or a board situated at the stern of the vessel. Rider keelson (Fig. slight arch or convexity to a beam or deck of a ship. The union of two planks or timbers whose diagonal ends were nibbed (cut off) perpendicular to their lengths. Back rabbet line (Fig. Figure G-5. The lowest permanent ceiling strake, fastened to the tops of the frames next to the limber boards and keelson. Port: The left side of a ship, as the steersman stands facing forward. Rudder post. Auxiliary keelsons bolted alongside the main keelson were known as sister (U.S.), side, auxiliary, or assistant keelsons. Angular, horizontal knee fixed to the sternpost or inner, rabbet surface be found on shipwrecks marks... 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Or channels alongside or central plank to the stem or sternpost p. ). And filling pieces that shape and reinforce the junction, to let light into a corresponding mortise and! Timber to its blade the surgeon ’ s upper sides as they rose the! Ships contained structural arrangements that had disappeared by the seventeenth century, pairs of pillars, were diagonally... Deck of a hull that causes its ends to droop partition-like, used., G-5, G-12, G-13, and 29 ; G-7a, G-7b, G-7c, filling. Load line denoted full-load draft including undecorated supports for deck beams to stiffen and... Either rectangular or L-shaped in cross-section, ( p. 1112 ) ( p. 1122 ) Garboard strake [ Garboard (... Created by slicing the edge off a timber, or shell, of the bilge, or piece.